He Loves Her He Loves Her Not free essay sample

He Loves Her? He Loves Her Not? Essay, Research Paper The Elizabethan drama Hamlet by William Shakespeare is without a uncertainty one of Shakespeare? s most enigmatic dramas. Although the drama has a concise narrative, it is filled with many inquiries refering to different subjects behind the narrative line. One inquiry in peculiar is did Hamlet truly love Ophelia? This statement can be supported in both waies, nevertheless I feel that Hamlet did love Ophelia. Support for this determination comes from Hamlet? s intervention towards Ophelia in Act 3, Scene 2, and at Ophelia? s grave in Act 5, Scene 1. The drama Hamlet is about the tests, and trials met by Prince Hamlet, as he tries to seek retaliation for his male parent? s slaying. Since, Hamlet discovers the slaying of his male parent, and the criminal conversation and incest committed by his female parent he retains a really acrimonious and pessimistic position of the universe. We will write a custom essay sample on He Loves Her He Loves Her Not or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page ? That the Everlasting had non fixed His cannon? gainst self-slaughter? how weary, stale, level, and unprofitable seem to me all the utilizations of this world. ? ( 14 Act 1 Scene 2 Line 131 ) . It is through his monologue? s that the audience learns the deepnesss of Hamlet? s depression. Hamlet non merely regards the universe with pessimism, but he besides has suicidal feelings. The chief ground at this point for his choler and defeat, is his female parent? s disconnected matrimony to Claudius. The actions of his female parent seem to be what disgusts him most as he yells, ? infirmity thy name is adult female! ? ( 14 Act 1 Scene 2 Line 146 ) . It is this attitude that Hamlet has developed towards his female parent and adult females in general that plays a factor on his ulterior intervention of Ophelia in Act 3. Once Hamlet discovers the cause of his male parent? s decease, he assumes the temperament of a huffy adult male to mask his true purposes of retaliation. By making so Hamlet is now able to make, as he wants to, without being questioned of his behaviour. It may be the reader? s sentiment that he does this on one juncture during which he visits Ophelia. Ophelia subsequently relates this meeting to her male parent, stating him that Hamlet was non decently dressed, ? and with a expression so hapless in intent as if he had been loosed out of snake pit to talk of horrors-he comes before me. ? ( 39 Act 2 Scene 1 Line 84 ) . This scene comes shortly after Hamlet learns of his male parent? s slaying. To the reader it may look that Hamlet is looking to Ophelia for aid. The reader can pull the decision that he loves her, and that she is one the few loved 1s he has left to turn to. The reader can besides come to this same decision later in Act 2 when Polonius reads from one of Hamlet? s love missive? s to Ophelia, in which he says to her ?But that I love thee best, O most best, believe it.? (45 Act 2 Scene 2 Line 121).It is Act 3 Scene 1 where the reader might reconsider their opinion of Hamlet?s love for Ophelia. Before seeing her, Hamlet states the soliloquy in which he contemplates suicide. By this point his purpose for revenge has made him all the more miserable, and cynical. As Ophelia enters Hamlet?s spirits seemed to be aroused as he addresses her, ?The fair Ophelia. Nymph in thy orisons be all my sins remembered.? (65 Act 3 Scene 1 Line 90). However Hamlet?s good mood does not seem to last long. It is when Ophelia returns to him tokens of his affection that his attitude changes toward Ophelia. Hamlet starts to insult Ophelia, and taunt her. He tells her that he had once loved her, but then changes his statement to say that he had never loved her. To any reader who believes Hamlet truly did love Ophelia, these statements seem to be denial of the pain that Ophelia has caused him. However what the reader must remember is that he knows Ophelia does not mean what she says. This is discovered when out of the blue he asks where her father is. Hamlet knows that he is spying on them. It is Ophelia?s answer that angers him further, she lies that Polonius is at home. By lying to Hamlet, and doing the bidding of Polonius, and Claudius Ophelia has re-established Hamlet?s negative feelings towards women. Hamlet remembers his own mother?s fickleness, her dishonesty, and her frailty. Now seeing Ophelia do the same he can take no more and demands that she ?Get thee to a nunnery.? (66 Act 3 Scene 1 Line 122). It may be the reader?s opinion that Hamlet said this because he holds Ophelia in high regard, aside from the world he regards so cynically, he does not wish for her to become involved with it?s corruptness, therefore he feels she would remain fair in a nunnery. It is in Act 5, in which the reader has no doubt of Hamlet?s love for Ophelia. It is Ophelia?s funeral, and Hamlet co nfronts Laertes upon a test of their love for her. It is to this challenge that Hamlet declares, â€Å"I loved Ophelia. Forty thousand brothers could not with all their quantity of love make up my sum.? (131 Act 5 Scene 1 Line 272). Although there have been scenes in which the reader has great doubt, he/she comes to feel that Hamlet loved Ophelia. His claims of love, and his bitter reaction to her rejection prove his love. Although Shakespeare may not have made it clear, the popular belief supports Hamlet?s love for Ophelia. Shakespeare?s reason for inconsistency adds to the many mysteries of Hamlet.

Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood Chapters 1-4 Vocabulary Essays

Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood Chapters 1-4 Vocabulary Essays Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood Chapters 1-4 Vocabulary Paper Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood Chapters 1-4 Vocabulary Paper adolescence A period of the life course between the timepuberty begins and the time adult status is approached, when young people are in the process of preparing to take on the roles and responsibilities of adulthood in their culture. life-cycle service A period in their late teens and 20s in which young people from the 16th to the 19th century engaged in domestic service, farm service, or apprenticeships in various trades and crafts. child study movement Late 19th century group, led by G. Stanley Hall, that advocated research on child and adolescent development and the improvement of conditions for children and adolescents in the family, school, and workplace. recapitulation Now-discredited theory that held that the development of each individual recapitulates the evolutionary development of the human species as a whole. storm and stress Theory promoted by G. Stanley Hall asserting that adolescence is inevitably a time of mood disruptions, conflict with parents, and antisocial behavior. survey A questionnaire study that involves asking a large number of people questions about their opinions, beliefs, or behavior. stratified sampling Sampling technique in which researchers select participants so that various categories of people are represented in proportions equal to their presence in the population. random sample Sampling technique in which the people selected for participation in a study are chosen randomly, meaning that no one in the population has a better or worse chance of being selected than anyone else. menarche A girls first menstrual period. emerging adulthood Period from roughly ages 18 to 25 in industrialized countries during which young people become more independent from parents and explore various life possibilities before making enduring commitments. Lamarckian Reference to Lamarcks ideas, popular in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, that evolution takes place as a result of accumulated experience such that organisms pass on their characteristics from one generation to the next in the form of memories and acquired characteristics. early adolescence Period of human development lasting from about age 10 to about age 14. late adolescence Period of human development lasting from about age 15 to about age 18. individualism Cultural belief system that emphasized the desirability of independence, self-sufficiency, and self-expression. collectivism A set of beliefs asserting that it is important for persons to mute their individual desires in order to contribute to the well-being and success of the group. interdependence The web of commitments, attachments, and obligations that exist in some human groups. scientific method A systematic way of finding the answers to questions or problems that includes standards of sampling, procedure, and measures. hypotheses Ideas, based on theory or previous research, that a scholar wishes to test in a scientific study. sample The people included in a given study, who are intended to represent the population of interest. population The entire group of people of interest in a study. representative Characteristic of a sample that refers to the degree to which it accurately represents the population of interest. generalizable Characteristic of a sample that refers to the degree to which findings based on the sample can be used to make accurate statements about the population of interest. procedure Standards for the way a study is conducted. Includes informed consent and certain rules for avoiding biases in the data collection. method A scientific strategy for collecting data. peer reviewed When a scholarly article or book is evaluated by a scholars peers (i.e., other scholars) for scientific credibility and importance. informed consent Standard procedure in social scientific studies that entails informing potential participants of what their participation would involve, including any possible risks. consent form Written statement provided by a researcher to potential participants in a study, informing them of who is conducting the study, the purposes of the study, and what their participation would involve, including potential risks. closed question Questionnaire format that entails choosing from specific responses provided for each question. open-ended question Questionnaire format that involves writing in response to each question. interview Research method that involves asking people questions in a conversational format, such that peoples answers are in their own words. qualitative Data that is collected in non-numerical form, usually in interviews or observations. quantitative Data that is collected in numerical form, usually on questionnaires. ethnographic research Research in which scholars spend a considerable amount of time among the people they wish to study, usually living among them. ethnography A book that presents an anthropologists observations of what life is like in a particular culture. reliability Characteristic of a measure that refers to the extent to which results of the measure on one occasion are similar to results of the measure on a separate occasion. validity The truthfulness of a measure, that is, the extent to which it measures what it claims to measure. experimental research method A research method that entails assigning participants randomly to an experimental group that received a treatment and a control group that does not receive the treatment, then comparing the two groups in a posttest. experimental group In experimental research, the group that receives the treatment. control group In experimental research, the group that does not receive the treatment. interventions Programs intended to change the attitudes and/or behavior of the participants. natural experiment A situation that occurs naturally but that provides interesting scientific information to the perceptive observer. monozygotic (MZ) twins Twins with exactly the same genotype. Also known as identical twins. dizygotic (DZ) twins Twins with about half their genotype in common, the same as for other siblings. Also known as fraternal twins. correlation versus causation A correlation is a predictable relationship between two variables, such that knowing one of the variables makes it possible to predict the other. However, just because two variables are correlated does not mean that one causes the other, longitudinal study A study in which data is collected from the participants on more than one occasion. patriarchal authority Cultural belief in the absolute authority of the father over his wife and children. filial piety Confucian belief, common in many Asian societies, that children are obligated to respect, obey, and revere their parents, especially the father. caste system Hindu belief that people are born into a particular caste based on their moral and spiritual conduct in their previous life. A persons caste then determines their status in Indian society. globalization Increasing worldwide technological and economic integration, which is making different pars of the world increasingly connected and increasingly similar culturally. bicultural Having an identity that includes aspects of two different cultures. resilience Overcoming adverse environmental circumstances to achieve healthy development. culture The total pattern of a groups customs, beliefs, art, and technology; a groups common way of life, passed on from one generation to the next. the West The United States, Canada, Europe, Australia, and New Zealand; they are all developed countries, they are all representative democracies with similar kinds of governments, and they share to some extent a common cultural history; today, they are characterized by secularism, consumerism, and capitalism, to one degree or another; usually refers to the majority culture in each of the countries, but each country also has cultural groups that do not share the characteristics of the majority culture and may even be in opposition to it. developed countries Includes the countries of the West along with Eastern countries such as Japan and South Korea; all of them have highly developed economies that have passed through a period of industrialization and are now based mainly on services (such as law, banking, sales, and accounting) and information (such as computer-related companies). majority culture The culture that sets most of the norms and standards and holds most of the positions of political, economic, intellectual, and media power; in America, the mostly White, middle-class majority in American society. society A group of people who interact in the course of sharing a common geographical area; may include a variety of cultures with different customs, religions, family traditions, and economic practices; different from a culture: members of a culture share a common way of life, whereas members of this may not. traditional cultures Refers to a culture that has maintained a way of life based on stable traditions passed from one generation to the next. These cultures do not generally value change but rather place a higher value on remaining true to cultural traditions; often, they are called preindustrial, which means that they technology and economic practices typical in developed countries are not widely used. developing countries Previously traditional, preindustrial cultures that become industrialized as a consequence of globalization. socioeconomic status Often used to refer to social class, which includes educational level, income level, and occupational status. For adolescents and emerging adults, because they have not yet reached the social class they will have as adults, this is usually used in reference to their parents levels of education, income, and occupation. young people Adolescents and emerging adults together. research design The plan for when and how to collect the data for a study. cross-sectional research Research in which data are collected on a sample of people at a single point in time. national survey Research technique which utilizes both stratified sampling and random sampling on a large scale. national survey Research technique which utilizes both stratified sampling and random sampling on a large scale. puberty The changes in physiology, anatomy, and physical functioning that develop a person into a mature adult biologically and prepare the body for sexual reproduction. endocrine system A network of glands in the body. Through hormones, the glands coordinate their functioning and affect the development and functioning of the body. hormones Chemicals, released by the glands of the endocrine system, that affect the development and functioning of the body, including development during puberty. hypothalamus The master gland, located in the lower part of the brain beneath the cortex, that affects a wide range of physiological and psychological functioning and stimulates and regulates the production of hormones by other glands, including the ones involved in the initiation of puberty. gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) Hormone released by the hypothalamus that causes gonadotropins to be released by the pituitary. leptin A protein, produced by fat cells, that signals the hypothalamus to initiate the hormonal changes of puberty. pituitary gland A gland about half an inch long located at the base of the brain that released gonadotropins as part of the bodys preparation for reproduction. gonadotropins hormones (FSH and LH) that stimulate the development of gametes. follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Along with LH, stimulates the development of gametes and sex hormones in the ovaries and testicles. luteinizing hormone (LH) Along with FSH, stimulates the development of gametes and sex hormones in the ovaries and testicles. gametes Cells, distinctive to each sex, that are involved in reproduction (egg cells in the ovaries of the female and sperm in the testes of the male). gonads The ovaries and testicles. Also known as the sex glands. sex hormones Androgens and estrogens that cause the development of primary and secondary sex characteristics. estrogens The sex hormones that have especially high levels in females from puberty onward and are mostly responsible for female primary and secondary sex characteristics. androgens The sex hormones that have especially high levels in males from puberty onward and are mostly responsible for male primary and secondary sex characteristics. estradiol The estrogen most important in pubertal development among girls. testosterone The androgen most important in pubertal development among boys. adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) The hormone that causes the adrenal glands to increase androgen production feedback look System of hormones involving the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, and the gonads, which monitors and adjusts the levels of sex hormones. set point Optimal level of sex hormones in the body. When this point is reached, responses in the glands of the feedback loop cause the production of sex hormones to be reduced. adolescent growth spurt The rapid increase in height that takes place at the beginning of puberty. peak height velocity The point at which the adolescent growth spurt is at its maximum rate. asynchronicity Uneven growth of different parts of the body during puberty. extremities The feet, hands, and head. vital capacity The amount of air that can be exhaled after a deep breath, which increases rapidly during puberty, especially for boys. maximum oxygen uptake (VO2 max) A measure of the ability of the body to take in oxygen and transport it to various organs; peaks in the early 20s. cardiac output A measure of the quantity of blood pumped by the heart. health promotion Efforts to reduce health problems in young people through encouraging changes in the behaviors that put young people at risk. primary sex characteristics The production of eggs and sperm and the development of the sex organs. secondary sex characteristics Bodily changes of puberty not directly related to reproduction. ovum Mature egg that develops from follicle in ovaries about every 28 days. spermarche Beginning of development of sperm in boys testicles at puberty. vulva External female sex organs, including the labia majora, the labia minora, and the clitoris. labia majora Part of vulva; Latin for large lips. labia minora Part of vulva; Latin for small lips. clitoris Part of vulva in which females sexual sensations are concentrated. breast buds The first slight enlargement of the breast in girls at puberty. areola Area surrounding the nipple on the breast; enlarges at puberty. secular trend A change in the characteristics of a population over time. reaction range Term meaning that genes establish a range of possible development and environment determines where development takes place within that range. incest taboo The prohibition on sexual relations between family members. Believed to be biologically based, as children born to closely related parents are at higher risk for genetic disorders. premenstrual syndrome (PMS) The combination of behavioral, emotional, and physical symptoms that occur in some females the week before menstruation. semenarche A males first ejaculation. age-graded Organized by age, for example in schools. nature-nurture debate Debate over the relative importance of biology and the environment in human development. theory of genotype>environment effects Theory that both genetics and environment make essential contributions to human development but are difficult to unravel because our genes actually influence the kind of environment we experience. passive genotype>environment effects Situation in biological families that parents provide both genes and environment for their children, making genes and environment difficult to separate in their effects on childrens development. evocative genotype>environment effects Occur when a persons inherited characteristics evoke responses from others in the environment. active genotype>environment effects Occur when people seek out environments that correspond to their genotypic characteristics. mikveh Among Orthodox Jewish women, a ritual bath taken a week after the conclusion of the menstrual period, believed to cleanse the impurity believed to be associated with menstruation. cognitive development Changes over time in how people think, how they solve problems, and how their capacities for memory and attention change. Jean Piaget Influential Swiss developmental psychologist, best known for his theories of cognitive and moral development stage A period in which abilities are organized in a coherent, interrelated way. mental structure The organization of cognitive abilities into a single pattern, such that thinking in all aspects of life is a reflection of that structure. cognitive-developmental approach Approach to understanding cognition that emphasizes the changes that take place at different ages. maturation Process by which abilities develop through genetically based development with limited influence from the environment. schemes A mental structure for organizing and interpreting information. assimilation The cognitive process that occurs when new information is altered to fit an existing scheme. accommodation The cognitive process that occurs when a scheme is changed to adapt to new information. sensorimotor stage Cognitive stage in first 2 years of life that involves learning how to coordinate the activities of the senses with motor activities. preoperational stage Cognitive stage from ages 2 to 7 during which the child becomes capable of representing the world symbolicallyfor example, through the use of languagebut is still very limited in ability to use mental operations. concrete operations Cognitive stage from age 7 to 11 in which children learn to use mental operations but are limited to applying them to concrete, observable situations rather than hypothetical situations. mental operations Cognitive activity involving manipulating and reasoning about objects. formal operations Cognitive stage from age 11 on up in which people learn to think systematically about possibilities and hypotheses. pendulum problem Piagets classic test of formal operations, in which persons are asked to figure out what determines the speed at which a pendulum sways from side to side. hypothetical-deductive reasoning Piagets term for the process by which the formal operational thinker systematically tests possible solutions to a problem and arrives at an answer that can be defended and explained. abstract thinking Thinking in terms of symbols, ideas, and concepts. complex thinking Thinking that takes into account multiple connections and interpretations, such as in the use of metaphor, satire, and sarcasm. metacognition The capacity for thinking about thinking that allows adolescents and adults to reason about their thought processes and monitor them. individual differences Approach to research that focuses on how individuals differ within a group, for example, in performance on IQ tests. postformal thinking Type of thinking beyond formal operations, involving greater awareness of the complexity of real-life situations, such as the use of pragmatism and reflective judgment. pragmatism Type of thinking that involves adapting logical thinking to the practical constraints of real-life situations. dialectical thought Type of thinking that develops in emerging adulthood, involving a growing awareness that most problems do not have a single solution and that problems must often be addressed with crucial pieces of information missing. reflective judgment The capacity to evaluate the accuracy and logical coherence of evidence and arguments. dualistic thinking Cognitive tendency to see situations and issues in polarized, absolute, black-and-white terms. multiple thinking Cognitive approach entailing recognition that there is more than one legitimate view of things and that it can be difficult to justify one position as the true or accurate one. relativism Cognitive ability to recognize the legitimacy of competing points of view but also compare the relative merits of competing views. commitment Cognitive status in which persons commit themselves to certain points of view they believe to be the most valid while at the same time being open to reevaluating their views if new evidence is presented to them. information-processing approach An approach to understanding cognition that seeks to delineate the steps involved in the thinking process and how each step is connected to the next. discontinuous A view of development as taking place in stages that are distinct from one another rather than as one gradual, continuous process. continuous A view of development as a gradual, steady process rather than as taking place in distinct stages. componential approach Description of the information-processing approach to cognition, indicating that it involves breaking down the thinking process into its various components. selective attention The ability to focus on relevant information while screening out information that is irrelevant. divided attention The ability to focus on more than one task at a time. short-term memory Memory for information that is the current focus of attention. long-term memory Memory for information that is committed to long-term storage, so that it can be drawn upon after a period when attention has not been focused on it. working memory An aspect of short-term memory that refers to where information is stored as it is comprehended and analyzed. mnemonic devices Memory strategies. automaticity Degree of cognitive effort a person needs to devote to processing a given set of information. reductionism Breaking up a phenomenon into separate parts to such an extent that the meaning and coherence of the phenomenon as a whole becomes lost. critical thinking Thinking that involves not merely memorizing information but analyzing it, making judgments about what it means, relating it to other information, and considering ways in which it might be valid or invalid. behavioral decision theory Theory of decision making that describes the decision-making process as including (1) identifying the range of possible choices; (2) identifying the consequences that would result from each choice; (3) evaluating the desirability of each consequence; (4) assessing the likelihood of each consequence; and (5) integrating this information. organizational core Term applied especially to cognitive development, meaning that cognitive development affects all areas of thinking, no matter what the topic. social cognition How people think about other people, social relationships, and social institutions perspective taking The ability to understand the thoughts and feelings of others. mutual perspective taking Stage of perspective taking, often found in early adolescence, in which persons understand that their perspective-taking interactions with others are mutual, in the sense that each side realizes that the other can take their perspective. social and conventional system perspective taking Realizing that the social perspectives of self and others are influenced not just by their interaction with each other but by their roles in the larger society. prosocial Promoting the well-being of others. theory of mind The ability to attribute mental states to ones self and others, including beliefs, thoughts, and feelings. adolescent egocentrism Type of egocentrism in which adolescents have difficulty distinguishing their thinking about their own thoughts from their thinking about the thoughts of others. imaginary audience Belief that others are acutely aware of and attentive to ones appearance and behavior. personal fable A belief in ones personal uniqueness, often including a sense of invulnerability to the consequences of taking risks. optimistic bias The tendency to assume that accidents, diseases, and other misfortunes are more likely to happen to other people than to ones self. psychometric approach Attempt to understand human cognition by evaluating cognitive abilities using intelligence tests Alfred Binet French psychologist who developed the first intelligence test in the early 20th century, which later became known as the Stanford-Binet. Stanford-Binet Widely used IQ test developed by Alfred Binet and revised by scholars at Stanford University intelligence quotient A measure of a persons intellectual abilities based on a standardized test. Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV) Intelligence test for children ages 6 to 16, with six Verbal and five Performance subtests. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-IV) Intelligence test for persons ages 16 and up, with six Verbal and five Performance subtests. Verbal subtests In the Wechsler IQ tests, subtests that examine verbal abilities Performance subtests In the Wechsler IQ tests, subtests that examine abilities for attention, spatial perception, and speed of processing. relative performance In IQ tests, performance results compared to those of other persons of the same age. absolute performance In IQ tests, performance results compared to those of other persons, regardless of age. age norms Technique for developing a psychological test, in which a typical score for each age is established by testing a large random sample of people from a variety of geographical areas and social class backgrounds. median In a distribution of scores, the point at which half of the population scores above and half below. test-retest reliability Type of reliability that examines whether or not persons scores on one occasion are similar to their scores on another occasion. fluid intelligence Mental abilities that involve speed of analyzing, processing, and reacting to information. crystallized intelligence Accumulated knowledge and enhanced judgment based on experience. predictive validity In longitudinal research, the ability of a variable at Time 1 to predict the outcome of a variable at Time 2. transracial adoption The adoption of children of one race by parents of a different race. theory of multiple intelligences Howard Gardners theory that there are eight separate types of intelligence. fMRI A technique for measuring brain functioning during an ongoing activity. PET scans A technique for assessing ongoing brain functioning, in which a chemical that emits positrons is injected into the body, and detectors measure their activity levels in various parts of the brain. synapse The point of transmission between two nerve cells. neurons Cells of the nervous system, including the brain. overproduction or exuberance A rapid increase in the production of synaptic connections in the brain. gray matter The outer layer of the brain, where most of the growth in brain cells occurs during overproduction in adolescence. frontal lobes The part of the brain immediately behind the forehead. Known to be involved in higher brain functions such as planning ahead and analyzing complex problems. synaptic pruning Following overproduction, the process by which the number of synapses in the brain are reduced, making brain functioning faster and more efficient but less flexible. myelination Process by which myelin, a blanket of fat wrapped around the main part of the neuron, grows. Myelin serves the function of keeping the brains electrical signals on one path and increasing their speed. cerebellum A structure in the lower brain, well beneath the cortex, long thought to be involved only in basic functions such as movement, now known to be important for many higher functions as well, such as mathematics, music, decision making, and social skills. Vygotsky Russian psychologist who emphasized the cultural basis of cognitive development. zone of proximal development The gap between how competently a person performs a task alone and when guided by an adule or more competent peer. scaffolding The degree of assistance provided to the learner in the zone of proximal development, gradually decreasing as the learners skills develop. guided participation The teaching interaction between two people (often an adult and a child or adolescent) as they participate in a culturally valued activity. cultural psychology Approach to human psychology emphasizing that psychological functioning cannot be separated from the culture in which it takes place. cultural beliefs The predominant beliefs in a culture about right and wrong, what is most important in life, and how life should be lived. May also include beliefs about where and how life originated and what happens after death. symbolic inheritance The set of ideas and understandings, both implicit and explicit, about persons, society, nature, and divinity that serve as a guide to life in a particular culture. It is expressed symbolically through stories, songs, rituals, sacred objects, and sacred places. roles Defined social positions in a culture, containing specifications of behavior, status, and relations with others. Examples include gender, age, and social class. gender roles Cultural beliefs about the kinds of work, appearance, and other aspects of behavior that distinguish women from men. socialization The process by which people acquire the behaviors and beliefs of the culture in which they live. self-regulation The capacity for exercising self-control in order to restrain ones impulses and comply with social norms. role preparation An outcome of socialization that includes preparation for occupational roles, gender roles, and roles in institutions such as marriage and parenthood. Bat Mitzvah Jewish religious ritual for girls at age 13 that signifies the adolescents new responsibilities with respect to Jewish beliefs. Bar Mitzvah Jewish religious ritual for boys at age 13 that signifies the adolescents new responsibilities with respect to Jewish beliefs. sources of meaning The ideas and beliefs that people learn as a part of socialization, indicating what is important, what is to be values, what is to be lived for, and how to explain and offer consolation for the individuals mortality. interdependent self A conception of the self typically found in collectivistic cultures, in which the self is seen as defined by roles and relationships within the group. independent self A conception of the self typically found in individualistic cultures, in which the self is seen as existing independently of relations with others, with an emphasis on independence, individual freedoms, and individual achievements. broad socialization The process by which persons in an individualistic culture come to learn individualism, including values of individual uniqueness, independence, and self-expression. narrow socialization The process by which persons in a collectivistic culture come to learn collectivism, including values of obedience and conformity. custom complex A customary practice and the beliefs, values, sanctions, rules, motives, and satisfactions associated with it; that is, a normative practice in a culture and the cultural beliefs that provide the basis for that practice. ontogenetic Something that occurs naturally in the course of development as part of normal maturation; that is, it is driven by innate processes rather than by environmental stimulation or a specific cultural practice. first-generation families The status of persons who were born in one country and then immigrated to another. second-generation families The status of persons who were born in the country they currently reside in but whose parents were born in a different country. secular Based on nonreligious beliefs and values. social desirability The tendency for people participating in social science studies to report their behavior as they believe it would be approved by others rather than as it actually occurred. poetic-conventional faith Fowlers term for the stage of faith development most typical of early adolescence, in which people become more aware of the symbolism used in their faith and religious understanding becomes more complex in the sense hat early adolescents increasingly believe that there is more than one way of knowing the truth. individuating-reflective faith Fowlers term for the stage of faith most typical of late adolescence and emerging adulthood, in which people rely less on what their parents believed and develop a more individualized faith based on questioning their beliefs and incorporating their personal experience into their beliefs. heteronomous morality Piagets term for the period of moral development from about ages 4 to about 7, in which moral rules are viewed as having a sacred, fixed quality, handed down from figures of authority and alterable only by them. autonomous morality Piagets term for the period of moral development from about ages 10 to 12, involving a growing realization that moral rules are social conventions that can be changed if people decide they should be changed. preconventional reasoning In Kohlbergs theory of moral development, the level in which moral reasoning is based on perceptions of the likelihood of external rewards and punishments. conventional reasoning In Kohlbergs theory of moral development, the level of moral reasoning in which the person advocates the value of conforming to the moral expectations of others. What is right is whatever agrees with the rules established by tradition and by authorities. postconventional reasoning In Kohlbergs theory of moral development, the level in which moral reasoning is based on the individuals own independent judgments rather than on egocentric considerations or considerations of what others view as wrong or right. justice orientation A type of moral orientation that places a premium on abstract principles of justice, equality, and fairness. care orientation Gilligans term for the type of moral orientation that involves focusing on relationships with others as the basis for moral reasoning. worldview A set of cultural beliefs that explain what it means to be human, how human relations should be conducted, and how human problems should be addressed.

Nuclear Power Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Nuclear Power - Assignment Example to Cravens and Rhodes (2008), developing nuclear power will lead to low cost of power because uranium, which is the key raw material of nuclear energy does not commonly experience frequent price fluctuations as compared to other fossil fuels. Secondly, nuclear power does not witness frequent interruptions as compared to hydroelectric power and Mahaffey (2011), further stated that it could run for more than 700 days uninterrupted. Thirdly, developing nuclear energy leads to less environmental pollution because they have a minimal emission of greenhouse gases. According to Cravens and Rhodes (2008), the main disadvantages of developing nuclear power stems from safety concerns that are attributed to the raw materials used in the development process and even the waste or by products that originate from nuclear power plants. For example Cravens and Rhodes (2008), stated that uranium that is used in developing nuclear energy is unstable and therefore its mining , transportation, and even transformation is a dangerous process of which in case of an accident the consequences can be grave. Secondly, the waste products that result from nuclear energy development are usually radioactive and hence if they find their way to the surrounding environment they can pose serious dangers to the health of the people, animals, and plants. Thirdly, in case of an accident at a nuclear power plant the consequences are usually grave and they can last for many years. According to Mahaffey (2011), the 1986 Chernobyl nuclear disaster is one of the worst nuclear disasters in the World’s history, which was caused by a fire explosion at the nuclear power plant that lead to deaths, injuries, and the emissions of large quantities of radioactive particles that spread wide across the region. The disaster is still fresh in the minds of many since its effects are still evident up to date because of various cancer cases and deformities that are attributed to the 20th century accident. Mahaffey

Is pluralism of philosophical assumptions in managment research a Essay

Is pluralism of philosophical assumptions in managment research a cause for concern or celebration Explain your answer and disc - Essay Example This report is a discussion about management research, about its techniques and practices mostly adapted by managerial researchers. The objective here is to find the relationship between pluralism and management research, which is one philosophical approach adapted in most of the managerial researches. The aim is to test the argument that whether â€Å"pluralism is a cause of concern or celebration in the practice of management research, as one effectively adapted approach in the practice†. What is Management Research? Management research can be defined as a practice, which managers adapt to acquire knowledge and information. This practice is to meet the requirements set by managers, which are mostly of acquiring knowledge that is most needed in a particular organization (Brooks, 2002). It can be intellectual knowledge, knowledge related to managers’ skills, or knowledge to grow organization’s equity, which managers generally acquire by means of management resear ch. Moreover, managers conduct management research to understand the internal functions, operations, and structure of a particular organization. ... Philosophical Assumptions of Pluralism in Management Research According to the contemporary literature, pluralism is a philosophical school of thought that is composed of four different elements - diversity, understanding, commitment and dialogue. These elements are basically philosophical assumptions of pluralism, which describes pluralism as a state of multiplicity (Werner, 2002). Multiplicity of thoughts, of ideas, rationales, and decisions all come in the pluralist school of thought. Generally when managers adapt pluralism in management research, they are inevitably engaged with diversity and multiplicity (Werner, 2002). Accepting diversity as a culture in pluralism, managers have to be tolerant and have to show patience to go across the lines to build understanding in their relationships. Understanding and commitment are two essential features of pluralism, and are most challenging to managers as they test the leadership, the gratitude and personality qualities of managers durin g management research (Johnson & Duberley, 2000). Pluralism motivates managers on collective decision-making and for which managers have to bring a cross-integral dialogue with their peers to bring collective decisions. Collective opinions and views are of major importance in pluralism (Pettigrew, 2001). Encounter of commitments have to be shown by managers on their decisions, as strong commitment is one rule and a promise in pluralism. Actually, it is test of collective wisdom which pluralism sets out for all managers involved in a management research activity (Sheffield, 2009). At the initial level, all managers find pluralism a difficult approach to adopt in management research, but when fruits of

International Business Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International Business Management - Essay Example Governments, therefore, have to use more sophisticated means of extending assistance to the domestic industry and such assistance is required to produce results in the form of a viable industry because it is unfair to the national taxpayer or the consumer to continue to suffer if domestic industry cannot compete at least in the domestic market, if not the global markets. Although there are provisions in the WTO Safeguards Agreements which, because of their broad language, may be used by a national government to impose tariffs if the domestic industry is likely to suffer serious injury, such loopholes are likely to become more difficult to use in the future because of new consensus that is already emerging to close them. Hence, national governments have to assist domestic industry by providing direct and indirect subsidies through management assistance, export assistance, skills development, assistance with research & development as well as information gathering and dissemination. Gov ernments have to do much more then merely enacting legislation if a nation is to continue to have a viable domestic industry. This brief essay takes a look at what a national government can do in order to assist domestic industry in the era of trade liberalisation. In an era of international trade liberalisation, there is intense market competition for goods and services because manufacturers and service providers from all over the world try to sell their manufactured products and services in a national market. As a result of the global movement towards trade liberalisation, nations are required to progressively reduce their tariffs to permit market access to producers and suppliers from all over the world. Such access means that the domestic industry is required to compete with the products and services of international manufacturers and service providers on quality, price

The Use Of Leadership And Motivation In Management Tourism Essay

The Use Of Leadership And Motivation In Management Tourism Essay This report is basically based on the study of the use of Leadership and Motivation in Management within a culturally diverse business Environment with special consideration to the selected case study is NOVOTEL Hotels in UK. As hospitality industry it self engaging with different people in different culture it should clearly understand how to manage this diversity in hospitality industry. It can be manage in different ways. From these paths employee motivation and the leadership is an effective approach which is needed to be studied. In this study first consideration was given to clearly identify the literature background of the three concepts as leadership, motivation and cultural diversity through the study of theories, concepts b y reviewing articles, journals, web articles, books and so on. Then after that the consideration was given to the case study including identify the organization and its situation and how the organization manages the cultural diversity by using the leadership and the motivation. Then based on the case study, analysis and findings were identified. As an overall this study is focused on studying the importance of cultural diversity as an instrument for improved organizational development without considering it as an administrative dilemma and it can be the path to expand competitive periphery and success, if it successfully handled. About the Organization Novotel is one of the hotel brands of the Accor group which operates in mid scale headquartered in France. Novotel is Europes largest hotel chain and one of 12 internationally-renowned hotel brands owned by Accor, the French hotel group. Currently they are having 400 hotels and resorts in 60 countries, situated in the centre of major international cities from business districts to tourist destinations. Form those hotels there are 266 hotels in 23 countries within Europe. So here the special consideration was given to NOVOTEL hotels in United Kingdom. The ground level study was done in NOVOTEL London West. Literature Review The literature review of this study was mainly focused on three main areas. i.e Leadership, Employee Motivation and cultural diversity. Leadership Leadership means the ability and willingness to lead and motivate a group of people. It includes improving team performance and effectiveness as well as articulating vision for business improvement. Leaders should play three important roles in the organization namely interpersonal roles, informational roles and decisional roles. These roles require a number of skills such as developing peer relationships, carrying out negotiations, motivating subordinates, resolving conflicts, establishing information networks, making decisions with little information and allocating resources. There are two distinctly different types of leaders one who works with and through others, such as those who head organizations, associations and the like, whilst the others are path leaders/visionaries such as heads of state, military commanders etc. Among the many definitions of leadership, two can be considered the best (a) the ability to get extraordinary performance from ordinary people, and (b) the ability to get follower. Basically the styles of leadership can be identified as follows: 1. Autocratic style 2. Democratic style 3. Free Rein 4. Charismatic 5. Situational Source: Study Material. [1997]. Organizational Behaviour. Indian Institute of Management and Technology, Chennai Autocratic Style It may be called as authoritative or directive style too. In this style of leadership the leader centralized the power and decision making in him and exercise complete control over the subordinates. He sets the group goals and structures and procedures for work. Through the autocratic style of control, the group decision is relegated in a tight situation and evolves quick decision making process. Most often this type of leadership develops dissatisfaction among members. But speed and efficiency are required when working in a group, the autocratic style of leadership yield good results. Democratic Style This is a contrast style of leadership compared to autocratic leadership. Person opting for this style is like a theory Y leader which invites decision sharing. Here the authority is decentralized. The decisions are arrived after consultation with the members. He is a participative type of leader, attaches more importance to people and work. This style of leadership improves the morale and satisfaction of employees. It also avoids conflicts in the group process. The democratic style sometimes creates lethargy and laziness among members and develops spirit of non-corporative often. Free Rein It is a complete delegation of authority to the subordinates, so that they must plan, motivate and control and otherwise be responsible for their own action. The free rein style leader avoids power and relinquishes the leadership position. More specifically the leader may lack self confidence, fear or failure etc. The main problem in this particular style of leadership is that it tends to permit various units of an organization to proceed. When working in a group if they work as a team, if the team itself very effective then this free rein style may successful, as they can work without any kind of interference. Charismatic This type of management is more dominant and perhaps an aggregate of other management styles. This style generates strong enthusiasm and might have as its objectives. The development of a common vision valued shared by organizational members. The discovery or creation of value related opportunities and activities within the framework of the mission and goals of the organization and the emergence in members of strength and greater control of their own destinies, both individually and collectively. Situational This management style which changes their style depending on the person or the group they are working with and on the situation. Situational style is important because people and tasks have to be handled differently, depending on the situation and their level of development. There are many key attributes of good leadership such as being innovative, entrepreneurial and visionary. Leaders need to be courageous, bold and willing to decisive. Among other attributes is the ability to think strategically, identify the big picture and have fall back plans. Some of the most important or key attributes of the leader are to inspire and motivate, be committed and encourage those around with empowerment. Good clear communications, verbally and by body language are inherent qualities of good leadership. Effective leader must explain clearly what they want, what they wish to achieve and how. The ability to make ones people feel important and feel that what they do have great value are great virtues of good leadership. Strong, positive leadership cannot be achieved without good teams. A good leader must have the ability to pick the right people and providing coaching/training and ensure that they carryout tasks that they can do best. If we consider about the leadership in hospitality industry with relation with this particular study, the need for high-quality leaders in the hospitality industry has been willingly recognised and is seen as significant to the long-term safety of the industry. In recent years, the industry has undergone something of a sea change in its gender composition, with increasing numbers of females graduating from hospitality and tourism administration courses. This proposes that the gender composition of managerial position is possible to modify in the medium term, with simultaneous changes in the typical leadership style valued in the industry. Motivation Motivation is an inner drive to behave or act in a certain manner. These inner conditions such as wishes, desires, goals, activate to move in a particular direction in behaviour. It means it is an inner state of mind, which channels or directs behaviour towards the achievement of pre-determined goals. So this part is basically considering about this of study. If we take hierarchy of needs theory by Abram Maslow, he suggested that needs exists at a number of different levels, from basic physiological needs as hunger, and then safety needs like shelter, after word social needs like love and affectionate and then esteem needs like recognition and finally self esteem like power. When achieving basic needs of employee which is the physiological needs, the effect of rewards are less because in this stage salary is the most important thing for physiological and safety needs. But when it comes to the esteem and social needs the effect of rewards and recognitions are high. Reward can be a award which gives at a stage, or it can be a tea with CEO or it can be a 1000 $ cheque for an employee which gives for and achievement. But again when it comes to the self actualization stage the need people need more power as he has already accomplished the other stages of needs in Maslow theory. And again if we take another motivational theory which is the two factor theory by Fredrick Herzberg, he took the view at two levels, physical level and psychological level. Accordingly satisfiers are called as motivators and dissatisfies are called as hygiene factors. Accordingly motivational factors of an employee in an organization can be identified as achievement, recognition, responsibility, personal growth and for some employees work itself a motivator. And at the same time Hygiene factors can be identified as working conditions, company policies administration, salary, other benefits job security, interpersonal relationships, and quality of supervision. Another theory of motivation is the expectancy theory which says that an employee will be motivated to exert to high level of effort when he or she believes that effort will lead to a good performance appraisal; that a appraisal lead to organizational rewards such as bonus, salary increase or a promotion; and that the reward will satisfy the employees personal goals. There are many benefits that an organization can achieve through the employee motivation. Following are some of the factors that we can commonly identify. Motivation ensures better utilization of resources and reduces wastage. Motivation will bridge the gap between capacity to work and the willingness to work Reduces problems like labour turnover, absenteeism, indiscipline grievances Improves productivity Improves cooperation and team spirit Improves knowledge and skills among employees Acceptance of organizational change Reduces conflicts and misunderstanding between the employer and the employees Cultural Diversity What is Cultural Diversity? We cannot find a universal definition on cultural diversity, but according to the charted management institute definition in 2008suggests the cultural diversity means valuing the differences between people and the ways in which those differences can contribute to a richer, more creative and more productive environment. It doesnt means only the race which the contemporary world identifies, but also the diversity can be identify as race, age, gender, sexual orientation, disability and religious/belief. Grà ¶schl and Doherty (1999) mentioned that the basic concept of managing diversity accepts that the labour force consists of diverse inhabitants of people. One of the key aspects of cultural diversity is that paying concentration to varied dynamics is not just an ethical responsibility, its a business imperative. In an organization the need of dealing with a diverse workforce will be needed the diversity competence. From these competencies effective cross communication is the most important factor when dealing with the cultural diversity. The qualities needed for effective cross-communication can be identified as follows. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The capacity to accept the relativity of others own knowledge and perceptions à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The capacity to be non-judgemental à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ A tolerance for uncertainty à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The capacity to appreciate and communicate respect for other peoples ways, backgrounds, values and beliefs à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The capacity to reveal understanding à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The capacity to be flexible à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ A willingness to attain new patterns of behaviour and belief à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The humbleness to recognize what one does not know Apart from the above competencies organizations should be educated through the cultural diversity awareness education and training. It will lead to counteract of the beliefs of employees and they will feel that they are benefiting from having a diverse workforce may help incorporation in the place of work. Modern world has recognized that the cultural diversity within an organization is not a negative aspect. This diversity may be in the organizational staff or it may be the customers. However managing this diversity is not a easy task. As above mentioned this diversity more or less can be managed by the use of effective communication. From the literatures we can find three ways to manage cultural diversity as follows. Communicating constructing responsiveness amongst every employees on diverse ethics of peers from first to last communication Cultivating facilitating acknowledgement, maintain and support of every member of staff victory by every other workforce Capitalizing linking diversity to every business procedure and plan such as series planning, reengineering, employee enlargement, performance management and review, and reward systems Many organizations use different methods to manage the diversity. As an example Tabra Incorporation, a miniature producer of costume jewellery and trimmings in California consisted of self-effacing workforce. Mainly this workforce was comprised with immigrants from many third world countries like Laos, Mexico, India, Vietnam, Tibet, Cambodia, and so on. So the method that used by the organization to give the recognition for the importance of their cultural association, is that as slightest 10 to 12 diverse flags for all time hanged up from the ceiling of their major production service which symbolizes the nations of derivation of the workforce. The proprietor of the organization view it as I would love for this to be a miniature United Nations where everyone attainment next to and welcoming each others customs as an alternative of just endure it. Some of the authors say that the cultural diversity is a benefit fir organizational success, if it can be managed successfully. According to Cox and Balke (1991) main benefits of multi-culturalism that can use for organizational success as; Achieve cost effective competitive edge through the effective management of multi culture companies Helps to promote minority friendly reputation among potential employees Ability to attract better customers which has a variety of cultural backgrounds Various collection of workforce are apparent to be more imaginative and competent in crisis resolving as contrasted to homogenous cluster Capability to supervise cultural variety enlarges flexibility and suppleness of an organization to ecological transformations Several managerial paradigms can be identified as follows; e.g. Hotel Nikko in Sydney Australia has exclusive border that employees of the staff in straight visitor contact areas which differentiation in converse with thirty four diverse languages. Similarly Qantas Flight food preparation has 66 ethnic groups on staff, by means of a variety of overseas-born cooks. So enthusiastic varied cultural kitchens provide Qantas a enormous competitive advantage by offering food foundations on clients cultural taste and needs. Case Study: NOVOTEL Hotel Here the selected organization for the study is NOVOTEL hotels. Novotel is one of the hotel brands of the Accor group which operates in mid scale headquartered in France. Currently they have 400 hotels and resorts in 60 countries, situated in the centre of major international cities from business districts to tourist destinations. Form those hotels there are 266 hotels in 23 countries within Europe. As of 2009, there are 395 Novotel hotels in 60 countries with 71 872 rooms and employs over 30,000 employees: Europe : 266 hotels in 23 countries Asia : 51 hotels in 11 countries Pacific : 34 hotels in 5 countries North America : 7 hotels in 2 countries South America : 19 hotels in 6 countries Africa : 13 hotels in 10 countries Middle East : 5 hotels in 3 countries Novotel is Europes largest hotel chain and one of 12 internationally-renowned hotel brands owned by Accor, the French hotel group. In a bid to create a more distinctive offering to customers, Novotel is actively opening new generation hotels. These provide the similar levels of service as standard Novotels but characteristic a stylish and modern design. Four of new hotels Novotel London City South, Novotel London Greenwich, Novotel Edinburgh Centre and Novotel London ExCeL have used a drama-based approach as part of customer service training prior to opening. Novotel hotels are involved in the worldwide environmental and societal certification programme Green Globe. Under this programme 124 hotels are committed and 50 hotels are certified as of 31 December 2009. As an leader within the hotel business, Novotels approach has anticipated its clients prospect of environmental matters and corporate social responsibility. In 2007, within the scope of Accors Earth Guest In 2007, within the scope of Accors Earth Guest programme of sustainable development, Novotel dedicated to an international programme of environmental and social certification: Green Globe. This guarantee was selected for its autonomy and focus on the challenges of global tourism. The key aim of this section is to discover the practical data available on the study. Basically in this study the secondary data will be highly required from NOVOTEL hotels group. The annual reports, monthly reports, reports done by several departments of the organization, previous researches on NOVOTEL hotels group will be the highly important literature in this survey. Apart from that study, reports, Theories, abstracts etc will also be required in this study, this will be required to identify and define the employee motivation strategies to compare with the leadership done by the NOVOTEL hotels. Study what are the approaches that they are using will be discussed under the analysis and findings. Before doing the analysis and findings the consideration was given to develop PEST analysis on the organization in order to identify the macro environment of the organization. And it will help to make a better analysis through this comprehensive understanding. Political Factors Stable Political environment of U.K. Growing awareness of the environmental consideration, U.K Government is planning actions to ensure aviation reflects its environmental impacts. Tax on aviation fuel and VAT on air tickets. Governments taxation policies and decision about the increasing the petrol prices have affected the buying power of the individuals in U.K. Economic Factors U.K economy is benefiting form gradual low inflation rate. In U.K, unemployment is low. According to labour market statistics in Average percentage is 4.8 per cent. When unemployment is low, Job confidence is high and it will lead to the confidence spending by consumer is also high. The UKs shortage on trade in goods and services stood at  £3.2 billion -compared with the revised deficit for January of  £4.4 billion. Exchange rates are favourable for UK residents for travelling abroad due to strong position of British Pound against the other foreign currencies. Euro used as a single currency in many European countries, is also stable against the other foreign currencies. The drawback is that disparities between the wealthier parts of the country, not all in the south east of England, and pockets of deficiency, will get wider, with implications for travel demand. These are likely to influence the growth of the UK resident travel market. Social Factors A great trend has been seen in U.K population about diet and health issues in the recent years. This trend leads towards the need of more fitness clubs and organic food for the people from U.K Changes in the structure of the population because of the immigrants from Europe, Asia and Africa etc. This will directly effect for food habits and focus is needed from hospitality industry Continued concerns over safety and security while travelling are found in the U.K residents. Lifestyle changes have also been affecting the U.K travel market for a number of years. Delaying the start of the family and an increase in the number of households consisting of couples with two revenues are the main trends of the changing life style. Changing fashions also have an affect on the market, but those are difficult to predict. Technological Factors The rapid development of technology is affecting the businesses in UK and all over the world. Changes in the technology will effect to change the way businesses operate i.e. Internet booking for tickets and holidays. Faster changing development in technology creates a need to react quickly for different businesses in order they want to maintain the competitive environment by providing the same innovative services such as meditation in hospitality industry, which their competitors are offering. Analysis Findings This section of the study is mainly focusing on the subject area that The use of Leadership and Motivation in Management within a culturally diverse business Environment in NOVOTEL hotels. Accordingly analysis was done by analysing how the leadership and motivation concepts have been used in NOVOTEL hotels in UK within a culturally diverse business Environment. Organization offers Leadership Training NOVOTEL hotel groups offer leadership training programmes for the staff. Providing leadership for the staff will lead for positive result as they learn hoe to achieve goals and objectives as they will implement the knowledge for the working environment. Leaders accept accountability and responsibility. Put them in a position where they can show this. Let them achieve strategic objectives. When we consider the leadership of the NOVOTEL hotel groups we can identify following characters. 1. Leaders come in different flavours. There are different types of leaders and you will probably encounter more than one type. Both formal and informal leaders practice a mixture of leadership styles. 2. Leadership is a process of becoming. Knowledge on leadership theories and skills may be formally gained by enrolling in leadership seminars, workshops, and conferences by the staff. Daily interactions with people provide the prospect to observe and practice leadership theories. Together, formal and informal learning will help to gain leadership approaches, gain leadership handy. 3. Leadership is shared. Leadership in NOVOTEL is not the individual responsibility of one person, but rather a shared responsibility amongst members of an emerging team. A leader belongs to a group. Each member has responsibilities to fulfil. Official leadership positions are merely additional responsibilities apart from their responsibilities as members of the team. Effective leadership requires members to achieve their shared tasks. Starting as a group of individuals, members and leaders work in the direction of the formation of a successful team. In this light, social interaction plays a major role in leadership. 4. Leadership styles depend on the situation. Leadership is not depending on only one style as we studied at the literature review. It will depend on the situation it means mostly situational leadership is there where the management style which changes their style depending on the person or the group they are working with and on the situation. Two types of Leaders There are arguments that Leadership exposed and cherished in the hospitality industry, that there were two types of leaders: those in the hotel business and those in the business of hotels. Mostly leaders in the hotel industry focus on the needs of employees and the provision of a high-quality service to guests. These leaders are also identified as charismatic. In comparison, leaders in the business of hotels such as leaders of hotel real-estate savings trusts were found to possess exceptional financial skills. However in the case study main identification was done that to win in the hospitality industry the main need is for combine strong interpersonal skills with sound business knowledge and hotel functioning skills-in effect, arguing that a mix of transactional and transformational leadership skills are needed to succeed in the hospitality field. Cultural Difference As NOVOTEL hotels are medium scale hotel group they are dealing with many types of culturally diversified customers. These cultural differences may presence in different attributes such as language, dress and traditions, there are also significant variations in the way societies organize themselves, in their shared conception of morality, and in the ways they interact with their environment and so on. Cultural diversity is complicated to enumerate, but a good suggestion is consideration to be calculate of the number of languages spoken in a region or in the world as a whole. Managing Cultural Diversity They provide training to ensuring the managing of cultural diversity. Practitioners need to remove barriers to the successful incorporation of international staff into the workplace and society even as benefiting all staff, their organisations and the Irish tourism product. Training programmes could focus on training goals, which are realistic and job-specific. Training goals including growing employee collaboration among culturally diverse employees and improving cross-cultural skills are a part of the training goals to encourage employee participation and eventually help in making possible the gratitude of cultural disparities. Training programmes includes. Orientation programmes are developed for recently-arrived international workers and it includes à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Opportunities for career development; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ English language à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Skills training manuals could be developed into different languages, for example, French, German, Spanish, Irish, Polish and Russian; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Ensure that service superiority programmes are translate into several languages and distributed among all employees; and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ develop and pilot an introductory Welcome Workshop open to all international Prior to opening three flagship hotels, Novotel conducted an exhaustive two-day training programme for front-of-house staff, featuring an interactive workshop on customer service. Delivered by Steps Drama, the intensive course brought to life issues around dealing with customers, handling complaints and the importance of professional behaviour and appearance. This will lead people to adopt to the new environment. Employee Motivation As any other organization motivation is a key factor that influences the daily operations of the hotel industry. It is the key issue which pressures an employee to go over and beyond the call of duty. NOVOTEL hotel group believe that employee motivation plays an integral role in their success. Accordingly organization offers number of benefits to the hotel staff which can be identified as motivational factor. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Uniforms: provided and maintained on the premises. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ One meal a day in employee dining room at no cost. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Health, dental and life insurance. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Employees of the month/year Manager of the quarter/year. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Paid time off program used for sick pay, day off, vacation. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Departmental incentives for safety/revenue generation/expense savings. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Higher pay than the other hotels: Salary increases will occur on a schedule for Union employees, or annually for non- union employees. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Promote within the staff whenever possible. However, this can be frustrating because often employees assume they are entitled to promotion based on seniority. Sometimes attendance/performance issues preclude allowing transfers or promotions. Sometimes lack of required experience interferes. NOVOTEL Hotel trains many individuals in their jobs, even if they have had no experience; assured jobs require a certain level of proficiency that must be developed into. Conclusion As hospitality industry it self engaging with different people in different culture it should clearly understand how to manage this diversity in hospitality industry. It can be manage in different ways. From these paths employee motivation and the leadership is an effective approach which is needed to be studied. In an organization the need of dealing with a diverse workforce will be needed the diversity competence. From these competence factors two factors are studied in this study as leadership and motivation through the case study of NOVOTEL hotel groups. Leadership in NOVOTEL is not the individual responsibility of one person, but rather a shared responsibility amongst members of an emerging team. A leader belongs to a group. Each member has responsibilities to fulfil. Prior to opening three flagship hotels, Novotel conducted an exhaustive two-day training programme for front-of-house staff, featuring an interactive workshop on customer service. Hotel group believe that employee motivation plays an integral role in their success. Accordingly they offer many benefits such as Uniforms which suites with the cultural diversity and also the hotel identity: provided and maintained on the premises, one meal a day in employee dining room at no cost, Health, dental and life insurance So as an overall view of the study it can be proposed that it is very important to realize that cultural diversity as an instrument for improved organizational development without considering it as an administrative dilemma and it can be the path to expand competitive periphery and success, if it successfully handled.

Intergrated Marketing Plan for Home Run Inn Pizza

Executive Summary The America frozen pizza market is the largest in the world; the US pizza market represents 43% of the global market. The magnitude of this market therefore, increases the Americans spending on frozen and fresh pizza to about $39. 8 billion each year. It was further confirmed through the Tyson Foods’ presentation at the national pizza conference that 33% of Americans consume frozen pizza at least once in every two weeks.There is no doubt that the busy schedules and the increasing demands in the modern day American family life has contributed to the huge spending in the frozen pizza category. The understanding of the frozen pizza market by the competitors further increases the competitive obsession among the players in the market. These major brands are all spending a lot on promotional campaigns so as to stay at the top of the competition. The top ten names within the frozen pizza category are: Digiorno, Freschetta, Tony’s, Red Baron, Tombstone, Bagel Bites, Totino’s, California kitchen, Stouffer’s and Mystic Pizza.Despite its very rich history, good packaging approach and been the Chicago number one frozen pizza, Home Run Inn pizza has not fully succeeded in reaching out to its target audience the same way its competitors have, therefore, Home Run Inn Pizza does not make it to the top ten amongst its’ competitors within the frozen pizza category. Our aim in this paper is to provide a comprehensive communication plan for Home Run Inn pizza in other to address its current market situation and provide an alternative campaign plan that will advance the awareness and recognition of the brand, Home Run Inn Pizza among its target audience.Brand Background Home Run Inn Pizza is the Chicago number one frozen pizza. The brand was started in West Side Chicago Bar, in the late 1940’s-In the home of Vincent and Mary Grittani. Nick Perino joined his mother-in-law, Mary, to create the famous Home Run Inn pizza after he returned from the World War II and the task of taking care of his family became a prevailing issue. Mary Grittani on the other hand, was looking for a way to fill the vacuum created by the demise of her husband-Vincent Grittani.Having come together as a family driven by necessity, they developed the recipes for their pizza and began making pizza together in the Home Run Inn Kitchen tavern and served the pizza as a way of encouraging their customers to patronize their drink. As a result of the success achieved while their pizza was been served for â€Å"luring purpose†, they seized the opportunity to launch into full time pizza production. While the demand for their pizza was growing bigger in the 50s, Nick started the frozen pizza approach in other to meet the increasing demands from the local people and those who lived far away (www. homeruninnpizza. om/our-story). Home Run Inn has over eight pizzerias operating in Chicago land and sells frozen pizza in more than twenty states in the United States. These locations are strategically located to meet the increase in demands of the pizza market. The name- Home Run Inn†¦ Prior to the involvement of Nick Perrino, the name Home Run Inn has been in existence since 1923. The name came into being through an unexpected incident that happened while a baseball game was been played in the neighborhood. One of the balls that were thrown accidentally landed on the front window of Mary and Vincent Gritanni’s newly acquired Tavern, thereby hattered the window. This unexpected incident gave birth to the name popularly known today as â€Å"Home Run Inn. † Market Analysis As earlier mentioned, the frozen pizza industry is a multi-billion dollars worth industry and each competitor within this market is striving to stay on top so as to have the major share of the category among its target group. Despite the highly competitive nature of the frozen pizza market, Home Run Inn Pizza has 22. 4% of the marke t share with Digiorno pizza having the largest share of the category. In 2009, Home Run Inn sales through the conventional grocery store were reported to be $46. million. Home Run Inn may not be among the top 10 leading pizzas on the national level but the brand still maintain its number one position within its Chicago heritage. In other to further its market strength Home Run Inn will need to extend its market participation beyond Chicago land. Though, Home Run Inn sells pizza in other States like Denver, Colorado and plan to open more pizzerias to compete within the market. Logo/packaging Home Run In has a unique logo that makes it easily recognizable among its competitors. This uniqueness contributes positively to the brand recognition nd awareness of Home Run Inn pizza in the market place. In other to meet up with the competitive demands, Home Run Inn pizza comes in different packages and styles. The smaller size of the Home Run Inn is designed for the people on the-go, who will like to have pizza during work hours. Home Run Inn styles are part of its attributes. These are: Home Run Inn Classic cheese, Signature, and Ultra thin. Home Run Inn Classic Cheese- Classic Cheese Recipe was perfected in 1947, it’s all: * All natural, no preservative, 0g trans fat per serving Available sizes: * 6 inch (7. oz) microwaveable, 10 inch (18. 5 oz), 12 inch (27. oz), 2-pack (54 oz) Ingredients: Crust: wheat flour, water, corn oil, yeast, salt Mozzarella cheese: Pasteurized part-skim milk, cheese cultures, salt, enzymes Sauce: Tomato puree, water, oregano, salt, black pepper Home Run Inn Signature It’s: * All natural, No preservative, 0g trans fat per serving Available size: 12 inch (31 oz. ) Ingredients: Crust: Wheat flour, water, corn oil, yeast, salt Mozzarella cheese: Pasteurized part-skim milk, cheese cultures, salt, enzymes Sauce: Tomato puree, water, oregano, salt, black pepperSausage: Pork, salt, spices, flavoring, Mushrooms Home Run Inn Ultra Thin c rust Classic pizza dough, stretched out thin for a cracker-thin, crispy crust. It’s: All natural, No preservative, 0g Trans fat Available sizes: * 6 inch (4 oz) microwaveable and 12 inch (16. 5 oz. ) Consumer Insight Home Run Inn started as a family business with a rich background; consumers having this knowledge tell their stories in various ways regarding their past and present relationship with the brand. We understand that consumers annot have same relationship with our product on the same level, while some have positive experience with our brand and are willing to buy again some are on the negative side while commenting on their experience with the brand Home Run Inn Pizza. Since our objective here is to revive our brand, using research instrument such as focus group will further allow us to get the opinions of the consumers. The information acquired through the opinion of the focus group would be used toward rebranding and updating our brand in the market place. The com petitionHome Run Inn competes within the frozen pizza category. The competitors with the Home Run Inn include the direct and the indirect competitors, who are both present to share the market with Home Run Inn Pizza. The direct competitors or the primary competitors are those within the same frozen pizza category with Home Run Inn; these include the private label brands and those groups that sell pizza through delivery via ordering online or eat-in. While the indirect competitors are the restaurants who do not sell pizza but their foods can be an alternative consumption for the pizza consumers’ market.These competitors are group under the following: Brand-HRI| Competitors/category: Direct- frozen| Indirect-as alternatives | Category-frozen| Digiorno, Freschetta, Tony’s, Red Baron, Tomstone, Bagel Bites, Totino’s , California, Stouffer’s, Mystic Pizza, Sams Club, Take and Bake, Gino’s East, Palermo’s, Newman’s own and all private label pizza. | Subway, McDonalds, Kentucky fried Chicken, Chipotle, Bueno beef, Popeyes, Olive garden, PF Changs, Red lobster, Chinese buffets, Denny’s and all the local restaurants. | Unfrozen-DirectDominos, Pizza hut, Mystic Pizza, Papa Jones, Rosati’s, Giordano, Chicago pizza, Jimmy Jones and all the pizza delivery restaurants. | | The brand image of Home Run Inn The perception of the consumers toward Home Run Inn is that of a family person who is caring, welcoming and willing to offer immediate solution to the wants of its consumers. We hope to further build on this image in this campaign. The brand value of Home Run Inn The brand value of Home Run Inn lies in its rich history-The consumers still ttach so much to the traditional heritage of the brand which places the brand as the Chicago number one among its audience. Home Run Inn brand Personality Home Run Inn is caring. We hope to use this personality to appeal to our target audience in our campaign for Home run Inn. Home Run Inn brand voice Home Run Inn frozen pizza brand voice sounds affectionate and persuasive to its consumers. The voice recognizes the busy nature of everyday life and its calling persuasively and tenderly, that it can help to reduce that burden of cooking after a busy day. What makes Home Run Inn Different?According to the Chicago Tribune, Home Run Inn Pizza is noted for its very distinctive â€Å"crusty† pizza and making its own sausage for its pizza. Home Run Inn SWOT Analysis Strength| weakness| * It has a rich history * It’s number one frozen pizza brand in Chicago * It operates pizzerias where family can visit and buy pizza * It’s easy to prepare * It has potential for growth | * According to some consumers in Indiana it is very difficult to find Home Run Inn pizza to buy in Indiana. * Inadequate brand awareness * No major TV Ads * More focused on Chicago market|Opportunity| Threat| * The frozen pizza market is big therefore, Home Run Inn can take ad vantage of the market * Opportunity to benefit from the huge amount spent by the consumers yearly * Home Run Inn can come up with new product, this can increase their market share| * The tough competition from the direct and the indirect competitors is the major treat * The private labels whose products are cheaper pose serious threat to the existence of Home Run in the market * The local restaurants provide an alternative choice for consumers. | Communication objectiveOur communication objective for Home Run Inn pizza is to increase the brand awareness and recognition among the target audience. Marketing Objective While the marketing objective for Home Run Inn is to increase sales of the brand by generating trial among the would-be consumers. Through our gorilla marketing we would encourage our target group to taste our newly branded Home Run Inn. Home Run Inn Target Audience Home Run Inn key target audience is mum with kids from age 3-12. She has a busy schedule; she is concerned about feeding her family right within her daily routine.She is the decision maker at home when it comes to what the family eats and she loves her family to enjoy freshly baked, healthy and well prepared pizza within the comfort of her home. Therefore, she is considering healthy and none-time consuming pizza that will bring satisfaction to her family feeding experience. Home Run Inn brand position Home Run Inn is family oriented; therefore, our brand is strategically positioned among mums with kids who have busy lives and are concerned with the well-being of their family. Creative brief for Home Run Inn Pizza 1.What is the opportunity and/or Problem the advertising must address? Home Run Inn though is referred to as Chicago number one yet the brand is not well known among some pizza enthusiast as a result they don’t consider buying the brand. Even those who claimed to know the brand still don’t buy. They would rather buy brand like Digiorno because it has ongoing advert isement which easily brings the brand to memory when they see it on display in the stores. We want to address this problem of lack of awareness through our advertising and make our target market to be informed and aware of our brand. . What do we want people to do as a result of the advertisement? As a result of our advertisement we want consumers to consider Home Run Inn Pizza first when they think of buying frozen pizza. 3. Who are we talking to? Mums with kids between ages 3-12: We are talking to ups and doing mums with kids, who like to feed their family rights despite their busy schedules. They are health conscious; they love to eat good pizza with their family within the comfort of their homes. 4. What’s the key response that we want?We want our target audience to feel that Home Run Inn pizza is the right food for them because it is healthy. 5. What information/attributes might help produce this response? Information such as: our brand rich history and the availability of different styles that may meet the desired need of our target market. 6. What aspect of brand personality should the advertising express? The aspect of brand personality that the advertising should express should be the friendly, approachable and reliable aspect of our brand. 7. Are there media or budget consideration? Yes, there are media considerations.We hope to use social media marketing tools to engage our target market. We will embark on guerilla campaign and the traditional TV ads. Since, our target audience is mum with kids, we would use print media advertising campaign that will directly appeal to mum’s plight. Our print advertisement will use both the billboards and the magazines channel. 8. This could be helpful†¦ * The name Home Run Inn was given to the pizza through an accidental landing of base ball on the founder’s tavern * Home Run Inn was founded in Chicago * It’s a family owned business†¦Our CTB statement for Home Run Inn Convince mum with kids that Home Run Inn is the best pizza in the market because is healthy and easy to prepare. PR/Promotion for Home Run Inn Pizza Theme: when pizza matters†¦ PR: Home Run Inn will leverage partnership with the Boys scout of Chicago during its 3rd Annual â€Å"Scout Night with the Chicago Fire Soccer Club†. During the night out event, Home Run Inn will supply free pizza to the first 200 attendee of the event while every other attendee after the first 200 will have the opportunity of receiving Home Run Inn coupons. PROMOWe will have promotional slogan for Home Run Inn Pizza during the event†¦Because we care†¦ Our plan for the promotion is to encourage people to donate 10 cents for each box of Home Run Inn pizza they purchase; the proceed will be given towards providing support for the Chicago fire soccer club. We hope to achieve this plan by asking consumers to buy Home Run Inn Pizza four times and get the fifth one free, provided they show proof of pur chase. Spider Chart: xxx Magazine campaign Ad #1: xxx (Woman thinking) Whenever I think of Home†¦I think of you†¦Home Run Inn Pizza, feeding made easy†¦ Ad #2: xxx (Tired woman)No matter how tired I am†¦Home Run Inn has the magic†¦Home Run Inn†¦we feed right†¦ Direct/Internet marketing * Mailing- Home Run Inn coupons will be mailed out to the homes of those people we know buy our product. The inscription on our envelope will read†¦because we care†¦ We will also mail invitations to them concerning The Chicago Boys Scout Night out. We will encourage them to come and be part of the event as â€Å"free pizza† will be served to the first 200 attendee of the event. * Email- Email will also be sent out regarding the Chicago Boys Scout Night Out event.The subject of our email also will be †¦because we care†¦We will inform our target in the email that they can bring members of their family to the event since we are family focused brand†¦ Free pizza for the first 200 people†¦ Rationale Home Run Inn target audience is mum with kids; having this background knowledge influences our strategic approach towards rebranding our product among the target audience. While strengthening the brand among the earlier mentioned target audience, we do believe that new market will be gained that will eventually lead to an increase in patronage of our brand in the market lace. References 1. Our Story: Retrieved on 08/07/2012, from http://www. homeruninnpizza. com/our-story/history-a 2. Home Run Inn Pizza scores in retail arena with frozen niche: Retrieved on 08/07/2012, from http://www. findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_m3190/is_n12_v28/ai_14919920/ 3. Home Run Inn Tops Chicago in frozen pizza sales: Retrieved on 08/08/2012, from http://www. mediapost. com/publications/article/121542/home-run-inn-tops-chicago-market-in-frozen-pizza-s. html 4. Consumers Reports put frozen pizza to the test: Retrieved on 08/08/2012, from h ttp://www. pizzamarketplace. om/article/178146/Consumer-Reports-puts-frozen-pizza-to-the-test 5. Pizza Quest, Home Run Inn and Palermo’s: Enterprise builders. Retrieved on 08/09/2012, from http://jimbaker. wordpress. com/2010/02/01/pizzaquest/ 6. Frozen Pizza: Which Taste Best? Retrieved on 08/09/2012, from http://www. goodhousekeeping. com/product-reviews/food/food-products/frozen-pizza 7. Frozen pizza Hits a growth Bump: Retrieved on 08/09/2012, from http://www. supermarketguru. com/index. cfm/go/sg. viewarticle/articled/2120 8. Top 10 frozen pizzas: : Retrieved on 08/09/2012, from, http://www. dailypress. com/news/dp-toptenlist. o14,0,3664087. story